Sources

Every hazard on this site cites at least one of these 165 sources. Tier A is primary research and official agency documents; tier D is used only for non-health facts. See our methodology.

• AaltoKorte-2005 (tier C): Aalto-Korte K, Välimaa J, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Jolanki R. Allergic contact dermatitis from salicyl alcohol and salicylaldehyde in aspen bark (Populus tremula). Contact Dermatitis. 2005;52(2):93-95. Link
• Algranti-2005 (tier C): Algranti E, Mendonca EM, Ali SA, Kokron CM, Raile V. Occupational asthma caused by Ipe (Tabebuia spp) dust. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2005;15(1):81-83. Link
• Alloatti-1996 (tier C): Alloatti G, Penna C, Levi RC, Gallo MP, Appendino G, Fenoglio I. Effects of yew alkaloids and related compounds on guinea-pig isolated perfused heart and papillary muscle. Life Sci. 1996;58(10):845-854. Link
• AlvarezCuesta-2004 (tier C): Alvarez-Cuesta C, Gala Ortiz G, Rodriguez Diaz E, Blanco Barrios S, Galache Osuna C, Raya Aguado C, Pineda F. Occupational asthma and IgE-mediated contact dermatitis from sapele wood. Contact Dermatitis. 2004;51(2):88-98. Link
• Aranda-2013 (tier C): Aranda A, Campo P, Palacin A, Dona I, Gomez-Casado C, Galindo L, Diaz-Perales A, Blanca M. Antigenic proteins involved in occupational rhinitis and asthma caused by obeche wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon). PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53926. Link
• Athavale-2003 (tier C): Athavale PN, Shum KW, Gasson P, Gawkrodger DJ. Occupational hand dermatitis in a wood turner due to rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia). Contact Dermatitis. 2003;48(6):345-346. Link
• Azofra-1989 (tier C): Azofra J, Olaguibel JM. Occupational asthma caused by iroko wood. Allergy. 1989;44(2):156-158. Link
• Baatjies-2023 (tier B): Baatjies R, Chamba P, Jeebhay MF. Wood dust and asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023;23(2):76-84. Link
• Baur-2000 (tier C): Baur X, Gahnz G, Chen Z. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by cabreuva wood dust. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(4):780-781. Link
• Beck-1982 (tier C): Beck MH, Roberts MM. A case of ramin wood sensitivity. Contact Dermatitis. 1982;8(1):74-75. Link
• Beretta-1970 (tier C): Beretta C, Faustini R, Gallina G, Perini A. Cardiotoxic effects of an aqueous extract from Mansonia altissima wood. Eur J Toxicol. 1970;3(6):355-362. Link
• Bohadana-2000 (tier C): Bohadana AB, Massin N, Wild P, Toamain JP, Engel S, Goutet P. Symptoms, airway responsiveness, and exposure to dust in beech and oak wood workers. Occup Environ Med. 2000;57(4):268-73. Link
• Booken-2006 (tier C): Booken D, Velten FW, Utikal J, Goerdt S, Bayerl C. [Allergic contact dermatitis from colophony and turpentine in resins of untreated pine wood]. Hautarzt. 2006;57(11):1013-5. Link
• Bruynzeel-1987 (tier C): Bruynzeel DP, de Haan P. Sensitivity to ramin wood. Contact Dermatitis. 1987;17(5):318-319. Link
• Bush-1978 (tier C): Bush RK, Yunginger JW, Reed CE. Asthma due to African zebrawood (Microberlinia) dust. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978;117(3):601-603. Link
• Bush-1983 (tier C): Bush RK, Clayton D. Asthma due to Central American walnut (Juglans olanchana) dust. Clin Allergy. 1983;13(4):389-94. Link
• CabezasArteaga-2019 (tier C): Cabezas Arteaga JE, Marques Goncalves DL, Samorano LP, Chen Wu SL, Silva Reis VM. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by a Brazilian exotic hardwood. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;81(2):136-137. Link
• CambridgeFD-2023 (tier A): Cambridge Fire Department (City of Cambridge, Massachusetts). Dirty, oily rags bundled closely together can spontaneously ignite. News release, July 14, 2023. Link
• Cartier-1986 (tier C): Cartier A, Chan H, Malo JL, Pineau L, Tse KS, Chan-Yeung M. Occupational asthma caused by eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) with demonstration that plicatic acid is present in this wood dust and is the causal agent. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1986;77(4):639-45. Link
• ChanYeung-1973 (tier C): Chan-Yeung M, Barton GM, MacLean L, Grzybowski S. Occupational asthma and rhinitis due to Western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1973;108(5):1094-102. Link
• ChanYeung-1976 (tier C): Chan-Yeung M, Abboud R. Occupational asthma due to California red wood (Sequoia sempervirens) dusts. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976;114(5):1027-31. Link
• ChanYeung-1982 (tier C): Chan-Yeung M, Lam S, Koener S. Clinical features and natural history of occupational asthma due to western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Am J Med. 1982;72(3):411-5. Link
• ChanYeung-1987 (tier C): Chan-Yeung M, MacLean L, Paggiaro PL. Follow-up study of 232 patients with occupational asthma caused by western red cedar (Thuja plicata). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1987;79(5):792-6. Link
• Clarke-1989 (tier C): Clarke PS. Allergic reactions to blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon). Med J Aust. 1989;150(4):222-223. Erratum: Med J Aust 1989;150(7):412. Link
• Cohen-1967 (tier C): Cohen HI, Merigan TC, Kosek JC, Eldridge F. Sequoiosis. A granulomatous pneumonitis associated with redwood sawdust inhalation. Am J Med. 1967;43(5):785-94. Link
• Cook-1997 (tier C): Cook DK, Freeman S. Allergic contact dermatitis to multiple sawdust allergens. Australas J Dermatol. 1997;38(2):77-9. Link
• Correale-2002 (tier C): Correale CE, Marks JG Jr. Contact dermatitis in a woodworker. Am J Contact Dermat. 2002;13(1):42-44. Link
• DeJong-1951 (tier C): de Jong JC, Lenstra JB, Vermeer DJ. Eczema due to the wood of Peroba da campos; isolation of the allergen. Acta Derm Venereol. 1951;31(1):108-110. Link
• DeZotti-1996 (tier C): De Zotti R, Gubian F. Asthma and rhinitis in wood workers. Allergy Asthma Proc. 1996;17(4):199-203. Link
• Dias-1992 (tier C): Dias M, Vale T. Contact dermatitis from a Dalbergia nigra bracelet. Contact Dermatitis. 1992;26(1):61-62. Link
• DoPico-1978 (tier C): doPico GA. Asthma due to dust from redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). Chest. 1978;73(3):424-5. Link
• Douwes-2001 (tier C): Douwes J, McLean D, Slater T, Pearce N. Asthma and other respiratory symptoms in New Zealand pine processing sawmill workers. Am J Ind Med. 2001;39(6):608-15. Link
• Douwes-2006 (tier C): Douwes J, McLean D, Slater T, Travier N, Cheng S, Pearce N. Pine dust, atopy and lung function: A cross-sectional study in sawmill workers. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(4):791-8. Link
• Doyen-2023 (tier C): Doyen V, Kespohl S, Sohy C, Jadot I, Rifflart C, Thimpont J, de Lovinfosse S, Raulf M, Vandenplas O. Eosinophilic occupational asthma caused by padauk wood dust. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023;11(10):3240-3241.e1. Link
• Eaton-1973 (tier C): Eaton KK. Respiratory allergy to exotic wood dust. Clin Allergy. 1973;3(3):307-310. Link
• Emanuel-1966 (tier C): Emanuel DA, Wenzel FJ, Lawton BR. Pneumonitis due to Cryptostroma corticale (Maple-bark disease). N Engl J Med. 1966;274(25):1413-8. Link
• Estlander-2001 (tier C): Estlander T, Jolanki R, Alanko K, Kanerva L. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by wood dusts. Contact Dermatitis. 2001;44(4):213-7. Link
• EU-2017-2398 (tier A): Directive (EU) 2017/2398 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2017 amending Directive 2004/37/EC on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work. OJ L 345, 27.12.2017, p. 87-95. Link
• EU-CMRD (tier A): Directive 2004/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens, mutagens or reprotoxic substances at work (codified version), as amended (incl. Directive (EU) 2017/2398). Consolidated text 08/04/2024. Annex III, Hardwood dusts. Link
• FernandezRivas-1997 (tier C): Fernández-Rivas M, Pérez-Carral C, Senent CJ. Occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by ash (Fraxinus excelsior) wood dust. Allergy. 1997;52(2):196-199. Link
• Ferrer-2001 (tier C): Ferrer A, Maranon F, Casanovas M, Fernandez-Caldas E. Asthma from inhalation of Triplochiton scleroxylon (Samba) wood dust. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2001;11(3):199-203. Link
• Fisher-1981 (tier C): Fisher AA, Bikowski J Jr. Allergic contact dermatitis due to a wooden cross made of Dalbergia nigra. Contact Dermatitis. 1981;7(1):45-46. Link
• Fowler-1985 (tier C): Fowler JF Jr. Occupational dermatitis to Honduran mahogany. Contact Dermatitis. 1985;13(5):336-337. Link
• FPL-Dalbergia-retusa (tier D): Chudnoff M. Dalbergia retusa (cocobolo). In: Tropical Timbers of the World. USDA Forest Service Agriculture Handbook 607; 1984. Tech sheet hosted by USDA Forest Products Laboratory. Link
• Gallo-1996 (tier C): Gallo R, Guarrera M, Hausen BM. Airborne contact dermatitis from East Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.). Contact Dermatitis. 1996;35(1):60-61. Link
• Gamboa-2024 (tier C): Gamboa PM, Sanchez de Vicente J, Segurola A, Galan C, Escalera LMP, Arrien A, Jauregui I. Allergic contact dermatitis to woods of the genus Dalbergia in musical instruments. Contact Dermatitis. 2024;91(4):317-320. Link
• GodnicCvar-1990 (tier C): Godnic-Cvar J, Gomzi M. Case report of occupational asthma due to palisander wood dust and bronchoprovocation challenge by inhalation of pure wood dust from a capsule. Am J Ind Med. 1990;18(5):541-545. Link
• Goldsmith-1988 (tier B): Goldsmith DF, Shy CM. Respiratory health effects from occupational exposure to wood dusts. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1988;14(1):1-15. Link
• Goransson-1980 (tier C): Goransson K. Contact urticaria and rhinoconjunctivitis from tropical wood (Lauan, Philippine red mahogany). Contact Dermatitis. 1980;6(3):223-224. Link
• Greenberg-1972 (tier C): Greenberg M. Respiratory symptoms following brief exposure to Cedar of Lebanon (Cedra libani) dust. Clin Allergy. 1972;2(3):219-224. Link
• Grobosch-2013 (tier C): Grobosch T, Schwarze B, Felgenhauer N, Riesselmann B, Roscher S, Binscheck T. Eight cases of fatal and non-fatal poisoning with Taxus baccata. Forensic Sci Int. 2013;227(1-3):118-126. Link
• Guanche-2003 (tier C): Guanche AD, Prawer S. Generalized eczematous contact dermatitis from cocobolo wood. Am J Contact Dermat. 2003;14(2):90-92. Link
• Guede-1977 (tier C): Guede FG, Attias J. [Inhibition of microsomal Na+ K+ ATPase of the brain by extracts of Mansonia altissima]. C R Acad Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1977;284(21):2159-2162. (French) Link
• Hannu-2013 (tier C): Hannu T, Lindstrom I, Palmroos P, Kuuliala O, Sauni R. Prediction of obeche wood-induced asthma by specific skin prick testing. Occup Med (Lond). 2013;63(6):429-431. Link
• Hausen-1978 (tier C): Hausen BM. Sensitizing capacity of naturally occurring quinones. V. 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone: occurrence and significance as a contact allergen. Contact Dermatitis. 1978;4(4):204-213. Link
• Hausen-1981 (tier C): Hausen BM, Schmalle H. Quinonoid constituents as contact sensitisers in Australian blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon RBR). Br J Ind Med. 1981;38(2):105-109. Link
• Hausen-1983 (tier C): Hausen BM, Munster G. Cocobolo wood, a forgotten eczematogen? Recent findings on the skin allergen of cocobolo wood (Dalbergia sp.) [in German]. Derm Beruf Umwelt. 1983;31(4):110-117. Link
• Hausen-1990 (tier C): Hausen BM, Bruhn G, Tilsley DA. Contact allergy to Australian blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.): isolation and identification of new hydroxyflavan sensitizers. Contact Dermatitis. 1990;23(1):33-39. Link
• Hernandez-1999 (tier C): Hernandez M, Sánchez-Hernandez MC, Moreno V, Guardia P, Delgado J, Marañón F, Fernandez-Caldas E, Conde J. Occupational rhinitis caused by beech wood dust. Allergy. 1999;54(4):405-406. Link
• Hessel-1995 (tier C): Hessel PA, Herbert FA, Melenka LS, Yoshida K, Michaelchuk D, Nakaza M. Lung health in sawmill workers exposed to pine and spruce. Chest. 1995;108(3):642-646. Link
• Hinnen-1995 (tier C): Hinnen U, Willa-Craps C, Elsner P. Allergic contact dermatitis from iroko and pine wood dust. Contact Dermatitis. 1995;33(6):428. Link
• Hinojosa-1984 (tier C): Hinojosa M, Moneo I, Dominguez J, Delgado E, Losada E, Alcover R. Asthma caused by African maple (Triplochiton scleroxylon) wood dust. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1984;74(6):782-786. Link
• Hinojosa-1986 (tier C): Hinojosa M, Losada E, Moneo I, Dominguez J, Carrillo T, Sanchez-Cano M. Occupational asthma caused by African maple (Obeche) and Ramin: evidence of cross reactivity between these two woods. Clin Allergy. 1986;16(2):145-153. Link
• Hinojosa-1990 (tier C): Hinojosa M, Subiza J, Moneo I, Puyana J, Diez ML, Fernandez-Rivas M. Contact urticaria caused by Obeche wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon). Report of eight patients. Ann Allergy. 1990;64(5):476-479. Link
• Howie-1976 (tier C): Howie AD, Boyd G, Moran F. Pulmonary hypersensitivity to Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus). Thorax. 1976;31(5):585-587. Link
• HSE-COSHH-Woodworking (tier A): Health and Safety Executive. COSHH and woodworkers - key messages. Link
• HSE-EH40 (tier A): Health and Safety Executive. EH40/2005 Workplace exposure limits. Fourth Edition 2020. ISBN 978 0 7176 6733 8. HSE/TSO; 2020. Link
• HSE-FitTesting (tier A): Health and Safety Executive. Fit testing basics (Respiratory protective equipment). Link
• HSE-HSG258 (tier A): Health and Safety Executive. Controlling airborne contaminants at work: A guide to local exhaust ventilation (LEV). HSG258. 2017. ISBN 978 0 7176 6613 3. Link
• HSE-HSG262 (tier A): Health and Safety Executive. Managing skin exposure risks at work. HSG262 (Second edition). HSE Books; 2015. ISBN 978 0 7176 6649 2. Link
• HSE-HSG53 (tier A): Health and Safety Executive. Respiratory protective equipment at work: A practical guide. HSG53 (Fourth edition). 2013. ISBN 978 0 7176 6454 2. Link
• HSE-INDG172 (tier A): Health and Safety Executive. Breathe freely: A workers' information card on occupational asthma. INDG172(rev1). HSE; 2012. Link
• HSE-INDG479 (tier A): Health and Safety Executive. Guidance on respiratory protective equipment (RPE) fit testing. INDG479(rev2). September 2026. Link
• HSE-WIS23 (tier A): Health and Safety Executive. Wood dust: Controlling the risks. Woodworking Information Sheet No 23 (Revision 3), WIS23(rev3). First published 11/12, revised 06/22. Link
• HSE-WIS30 (tier A): Health and Safety Executive. Toxic woods. Woodworking Information Sheet No 30 (Revision 1), WIS30(rev1). HSE; first published 11/2012. Withdrawn from hse.gov.uk (404 since c. Jan 2020); archived copy cited. Link
• HSE-WIS32 (tier A): Health and Safety Executive. Safe collection of wood waste: Prevention of fire and explosion. Woodworking Information Sheet WIS32(rev1). 2011. Link
• HSE-WoodDust (tier A): Health and Safety Executive. Wood dust (Woodworking topic page). Updated 2025-09-04. Link
• HSE-WoodFire (tier A): Health and Safety Executive. Fire and explosion (Woodworking). Updated 2024-10-22. Link
• Huilaja-2016 (tier C): Huilaja L, Kubin ME, Riekki R. Contact allergy to finished woods in furniture and furnishings: a small allergic contact dermatitis epidemic to western red cedar in sauna interior decoration. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(1):57-9. Link
• IARC-100C (tier A): IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 100C. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012. Wood Dust, pp. 407-465. Link
• IARC-62 (tier A): IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Wood Dust and Formaldehyde. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 62. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1995. Link
• Innocenti-1991 (tier C): Innocenti A, Romeo R, Mariano A. Asthma and systemic toxic reaction due to cabreuva (Myrocarpus fastigiatus Fr. All.) wood dust. Med Lav. 1991;82(5):446-450. Link
• Jeebhay-1996 (tier C): Jeebhay MF, Prescott R, Potter PC, Ehrlich RI. Occupational asthma caused by imbuia wood dust [case report]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;97(4):1025-1027. Link
• Jemec-1991 (tier C): Jemec GB, Hausen BM. Contact dermatitis from Brazilian box tree wood (Aspidosperma sp.). Contact Dermatitis. 1991;25(1):58-60. Link
• Kanerva-1998 (tier C): Kanerva L, Tuppurainen M, Keskinen H. Contact urticaria caused by obeche wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon). Contact Dermatitis. 1998;38(3):170-171. Link
• Kespohl-2005 (tier C): Kespohl S, Sander I, Merget R, Petersen A, Meyer HE, Sickmann A, Bruening T, Raulf-Heimsoth M. Identification of an obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon) wood allergen as a class I chitinase. Allergy. 2005;60(6):808-814. Link
• Kespohl-2006 (tier C): Kespohl S, Merget R, Overlack A, Bruening T, Raulf-Heimsoth M. Detection of novel occupational wood allergens in locust wood dust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(2):522-524. Erratum in: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(5):1189. Link
• Kespohl-2008 (tier C): Kespohl S, Sander I, Schulze J, Poppe M, Bruning T, Raulf-Heimsoth M. Development of an obeche wood allergen quantification assay for the assessment of allergen exposure in workplaces. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008;34(5):387-395. Link
• Kespohl-2010 (tier C): Kespohl S, Schlünssen V, Jacobsen G, Schaumburg I, Maryska S, Meurer U, Brüning T, Sigsgaard T, Raulf-Heimsoth M. Impact of cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants on wood dust sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40(7):1099-1106. Link
• Kespohl-2012 (tier C): Kespohl S, Kotschy-Lang N, Tomm JM, von Bergen M, Maryska S, Brüning T, et al. Occupational IgE-mediated softwood allergy: characterization of the causative allergen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2012;157(2):202-8. Link
• Kespohl-2022 (tier C): Kespohl S, Riebesehl J, Grüner J, Raulf M. Impact of climate change on wood and woodworkers-Cryptostroma corticale (sooty bark disease): A risk factor for trees and exposed employees. Front Public Health. 2022;10:973686. Link
• KiecSwierczynska-2004 (tier C): Kiec-Swierczynska M, Krecisz B, Swierczynska-Machura D, Palczynski C. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by padauk wood (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.). Contact Dermatitis. 2004;50(6):384-385. Link
• Koh-2016 (tier C): Koh WL, Ang CC, Lim SP. A rare case of occupational contact urticaria syndrome caused by meranti wood dust. Contact Dermatitis. 2016;75(1):56-58. Link
• KopferschmittKubler-1992 (tier C): Kopferschmitt-Kubler MC, Bachez P, Bessot JC, Pauli G. [Occupational asthma caused by ebony wood]. Rev Mal Respir. 1992;9(4):470-471. (French) Link
• Krogh-1962 (tier C): Krogh HK. Contact eczema caused by true teak (Tectona grandis). An epidemiological investigation in a furniture factory. Br J Ind Med. 1962;19(1):42-46. Link
• Krogh-1964 (tier C): Krogh HK. Contact eczema caused by true teak (Tectona grandis). A follow-up study of a previous epidemiological investigation, and a study into the sensitizing effect of various teak extracts. Br J Ind Med. 1964;21(1):65-68. Link
• Landry-2018 (tier C): Landry Q, Bourrain JL, Raison-Peyron N, Dereure O, Du-Thanh A. Occupational fixed drug eruption with ipe wood. Contact Dermatitis. 2018;79(3):186-188. Link
• Maestrelli-1987 (tier C): Maestrelli P, Marcer G, Dal Vecchio L. Occupational asthma due to ebony wood (Diospyros crassiflora) dust. Ann Allergy. 1987;59(5):347-349. Link
• Majamaa-2004 (tier C): Majamaa H, Viljanen P. Occupational facial allergic contact dermatitis caused by Finnish pine and spruce wood dusts. Contact Dermatitis. 2004;51(3):157-158. Link
• Malmstrom-1999 (tier C): Malmström K, Savolainen J, Terho EO. Allergic alveolitis from pine sawdust. Allergy. 1999;54(5):532-3. Link
• Malo-1989 (tier C): Malo JL, Cartier A. Occupational asthma caused by exposure to ash wood dust (Fraxinus americana). Eur Respir J. 1989;2(4):385-387. Link
• Malo-1994 (tier C): Malo JL, Cartier A, L'Archeveque J, Trudeau C, Courteau JP, Bherer L. Prevalence of occupational asthma among workers exposed to eastern white cedar. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150(6 Pt 1):1697-701. Link
• Malo-1995 (tier C): Malo JL, Cartier A, Desjardins A, Van de Weyer R, Vandenplas O. Occupational asthma caused by oak wood dust. Chest. 1995;108(3):856-8. Link
• MariniBettolo-1966 (tier C): Marini-Bettolo GB et al. On sesquiterpenoid quinones of Mansonia altissima Chev. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1966;2(2):327-341. Link
• Morgan-1968 (tier C): Morgan JW, Orsler RJ, Wilkinson DS. Dermatitis due to the wood dusts of Khaya anthotheca and Machaerium scleroxylon. Br J Ind Med. 1968;25(2):119-125. Link
• NCI-PDQ-Sinonasal (tier A): PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board. Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (PDQ) - Patient Version. National Cancer Institute. Updated November 8, 2024. Link
• NIOSH-Elastomeric (tier A): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Elastomeric Respirators. Updated October 28, 2026. Link
• NIOSH-EyeSafety (tier A): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Eye Safety for Workers. Updated October 28, 2026. Link
• NIOSH-FFR (tier A): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Filtering Facepiece Respirators. Updated October 28, 2026. Link
• NIOSH-FitTesting (tier A): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Fit Testing. Updated October 28, 2026. Link
• NIOSH-HC8 (tier A): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Hazard Control 8: Control of Wood Dust from Random Orbital Hand Sanders. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 96-125. 1996. Link
• NIOSH-HierarchyOfControls (tier A): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. About Hierarchy of Controls. Updated October 28, 2026. Link
• NIOSH-NPG-AppG (tier A): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Appendix G: 1989 Air Contaminants Update Project - Exposure Limits NOT in Effect. Link
• NIOSH-PAPR (tier A): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Powered Air-Purifying Respirators. Updated October 28, 2026. Link
• NIOSH-PEL88-WoodDust (tier A): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1988 OSHA PEL Project - Wood Dust (reproducing OSHA comments from the 19 January 1989 Final Rule on Air Contaminants, 54 FR 2332). Link
• NIOSH-REL (tier A): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Wood dust. Page last reviewed October 30, 2019. Link
• NIOSH-Respirators (tier A): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Respirator Types and Use. Updated October 28, 2026. Link
• NIOSH-TakeHome (tier A): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. About Take-Home Exposures. Updated October 28, 2026. Link
• Noferi-1966 (tier C): Noferi A, Ferrante E. [On some cases of rhinopathy caused by Mansonia walnut wood dust (Mansonia altissima)]. Folia Allergol (Roma). 1966;13(4):304-307. (Italian) Link
• Obata-2000 (tier C): Obata H, Dittrick M, Chan H, Chan-Yeung M. Occupational asthma due to exposure to African cherry (Makore) wood dust. Intern Med. 2000;39(11):947-949. Link
• OlveraCortes-2019 (tier C): Olvera-Cortés V, Pulido-Díaz N, Orellana-Arauco ÁR. Discoloration and bullous lesions on the hands. Cutis. 2019;104(4):E6-E8. Link
• Ordman-1949 (tier C): Ordman D. Wood dust as an inhalant allergen; bronchial asthma caused by kejaat wood, Pterocarpus angolensis. S Afr Med J. 1949;23(49):973-975. Link
• OrtizBrugues-2016 (tier C): Ortiz-Brugues A, Gomez-Martin I, Pujol RM, Rustemeyer T, Gimenez-Arnau A. Non-occupational allergic contact dermatitis to Dalbergia nigra. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(2):335-336. Link
• OSHA-1910-134 (tier A): 29 CFR 1910.134, Respiratory protection. Link
• OSHA-1910-134-AppD (tier A): 29 CFR 1910.134 Appendix D (Mandatory), Information for Employees Using Respirators When Not Required Under the Standard. Link
• OSHA-1910-242b (tier A): 29 CFR 1910.242(b), Compressed air used for cleaning. Link
• OSHA-AnnotatedZ1 (tier A): US Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Permissible Exposure Limits - Annotated Table Z-1. Link
• OSHA-CombustibleDust (tier A): US Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Combustible Dust: An Explosion Hazard - Overview. Link
• OSHA-CSI (tier A): US Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Occupational Chemical Database: Wood Dust. Last updated 06/23/2023. Link
• OSHA-Interp-1993-04-22 (tier A): US Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Standard interpretation: Wood dust sampling. April 22, 1993. Link
• OSHA-WoodDust (tier A): US Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Wood Dust - Overview (Safety and Health Topics). Link
• Pala-2010 (tier C): Pala G, Pignatti P, Perfetti L, Avanzini MA, Calcagno G, Preziosi D, Moscato G. Occupational rhinitis and asthma due to cabreuva wood dust. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;104(3):268-269. Link
• Pfohler-2018 (tier C): Pfohler C, Tilgen W. Contact dermatitis of the lips due to late-type sensitization against dalbergiones in a wooden recorder. Allergol Select. 2018;2(1):29-31. Link
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